美国CDC对污水中新冠病毒的监测数据表明，自疫情爆发以来，美国污水处理厂进水中新冠病毒（SARS-CoV-2）浓度逐日变化幅度较大，高峰发生在2021年12月29日，达到4705 copies/mL。某县（county）污水处理厂进水中新冠病毒浓度曾达4.53×104 copies/mL。根据USAFacts对新增病例的统计数据，新增病例的变化趋势与污水中新冠病毒浓度的变化趋势基本相同，但其高峰发生在2022年1月9日，略滞后于污水中新冠病毒浓度。污水中新冠病毒浓度高峰可能可以预示感染高峰的到来。
污水中COVID-19浓度与每日新增病例时序图（美国）[1-2] 除美国外，其他国家也有大量文献报道了污水处理厂进水中检出新冠病毒，浓度数量级为10-1-103 copies/mL，但仅有少量污水处理厂的出水中检出了新冠病毒（见下表）。 污水处理厂进出水新冠病毒浓度[3-14] 数据来源： [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023, February 02. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker [2] USAFacts https://usafacts.org/visualizations/coronavirus-covid-19-spread-map/ [3] Wurtzer S, Marechal V, Mouchel J M, et al. Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, Greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23 April 2020[J]. Eurosurveillance, 2020, 25 ( 50 ). DOI: 10. 2807 / 1560 - 7917. ES. 2020. 25. 50. 2000776. [4] Wu, F., Xiao, A., Zhang, J., GU, X., Lee, W., Kauffman, K., Hanage, W., Matus, M., Ghaeli, N., Endo, N., Duvallet, C., Moniz, K., Erickson, T., Pr, C., Thompson, J., Alm, E., 2020. SARS -CoV -2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. medRxiv 2020.04.05.20051540. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20051540 [5] Nemudryi, A., Nemudraia, A., Surya, K., Wiegand, T., Buyukyoruk, M., Wilkinson, R., Wiedenheft, B., 2020. Temporal detection and phylogenetic assessment of SARS -CoV -2 in municipal wastewater. medRxiv 2020.03.22.20041079. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066746 [6] Sherchan S P, Shahin S, Ward L M, et al. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America: A study in Louisiana, USA [ J ]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 743: 140621. DOI: 10. 1016 / j. scitotenv. 2020. 140621. [7] Ahmed, W., Angel, N., Edson, J., Bibby, K., Bivins, A., O’Brien, J.W., Choi, P.M., Kitajima, M., Simpson, S.L., Li, J., Tscharke, B., Verhagen, R., Smith, W.J.M., Zaugg, J., Dierens, L., Hugenholtz, P., Thomas, K. V., Mueller, J.F., 2020 a. First confirmed detection of SARS -CoV -2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID -19 in the community. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764 [8] M. Kumar, A.K. Patel, A.V. Shah, et al., First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2, Science of the Total Environment (2020), https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141326 [9] Rosa G L, Mancini P, Ferraro G B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 750: 141711. DOI: 10. 1016 / j. scitotenv. 2020. 141711. [10] Zhang D Y, Yang Y F, Huang X, et al. Distributions and risks of SARS-CoV - 2 in hospital outdoor environment [ J ]. 2020. DOI: 10. 1101 / 2020. 05. 12. 20097105. [11] Randazzo W, Truchado P, Ferrando E C, et al. SARS-CoV - 2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID - 19 occurrence in a low prevalence area [ J ]. Water Research, 2020, 181: 115942. DOI: 10. 1016 / j. watres. 2020. 115942. [12] Kocamemi B A, Kurt H, Hacioglu S, et al. First data-set on SARS-CoV - 2 detection for Istanbul wastewaters in Turkey [J/ OL]. medRxiv, 2020. DOI: 10. 1101 / 2020. 05. 03. 20089417. [13] Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus - 2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in The Netherlands [ J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2020, 7 ( 7): 511 - 516. DOI: 10. 1021 / acs. estlett. 0c00357. [14] Haramoto, E., Malla, B., Thakali, O., Kitajima, M., 2020. First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS -CoV -2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan. Science of the Total Environment. 737:140405. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140405 撰稿：廖梓童 清华大学环境学院 审核：杨春丽 清华大学环境学院
